CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro
https://ctyf.journal.ecopetrol.com.co/index.php/ctyf
<p>CT&F- Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro (ISSN 0122-5383; e-ISSN 2382-4581) is an Open Access (under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License) peer-reviewed international journal, published biannually by Ecopetrol S.A through the Center for Research, Development, and Innovation – ICP.</p> <p><br />The level of its articles has allowed it to be in Category Q3 in SJR index. Moreover is indexed in famous indexing services like Thomson Reuters, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, SciELO, Georef, Petroleum Abstract, Engineering Village Ei Compendex, Redalyc, Latindex, and Chemical Abstracts, among others.</p>Ecopetrolen-USCT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro0122-5383Development of expression for resistance to erosion by solid particles in turbine blades
https://ctyf.journal.ecopetrol.com.co/index.php/ctyf/article/view/662
<p>The application of reliability centered maintenance onrepairable equipment requires that the reliability calculation should not to be based on failure statistics, as in traditional methods, but rather on its condition. The "load vs resistance" method presumesthe comparison of process parameters with carefully selected mechanical properties of the materials. The author proposes the calculation based on parameters monitored for diagnosis purposes. Specifically, he analyzes the erosion of steam turbine bladessubject tothe action of solid particle from the superheaters, which, under certain conditions, grow to critical thicknesses and due to stresssactionscaused by thermal changes, fracture and detach, acquiring such energy that then impacts the surface of the blades causing theirerosion. These phenomena are analyzed and equations are established in relation withthe mechanical properties of the blade metal , with the energy requird by oxide flakes to cause their erosion. An expression has been obtained, allowing for the application of the method, whichd has not been found in analyzed research works.</p>Roman Perez-CastañedaOsvaldo F. Garcia-Moralesyanan Camaraza-Medina
Copyright (c) 2023 CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro
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2023-06-302023-06-3013151310.29047/01225383.662Sustainable urban mobility in Istanbul: A financial assessment of fuel cell hybrid-electric buses in the metrobus system
https://ctyf.journal.ecopetrol.com.co/index.php/ctyf/article/view/654
<p>As cities grow and become more populous, the demand for public transportation increases due to a need for authorities to expand their transportation capacity. However, the increased use of vehicles can cause environmental impacts such as air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and noise. To address these issues, governments and other stakeholders seek alternative transportation systems or technologies. This paper intends to assess the financial viability of using fuel cell hybrid-electric buses as an alternative transportation system for the Istanbul Metrobus System. The analysis is based on the Payback Period Method, which evaluates the costs and benefits of a project over its lifetime. The study compares the total operating costs of using fuel cell hybrid-electric buses to diesel and battery-electric buses. The study determined that fuel cell hybrid-electric buses can lead to a reduction in total operating costs of 81.1% compared to diesel buses and 56.3% compared to battery-electric buses. This analysis suggests that fuel cell hybrid-electric buses offer added value after approximately 9 years. The outcome of this study is significant as it can help stakeholders take informed decisions about the financial viability of alternative transportation systems. Furthermore, the financial model or approach used in this study can be useful for understanding how public transportation systems can be funded in the future.</p>Orhan Topal
Copyright (c) 2023 CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro
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2023-06-302023-06-30131153010.29047/01225383.654Calculation of temperature distribution in heavy oil reservoirs by electromagnetic heating
https://ctyf.journal.ecopetrol.com.co/index.php/ctyf/article/view/690
<h4>The introduction of heat into a reservoir has proven to be an effective way to reduce the viscosity of heavy oils by increasing the temperature in the formation. The use of electromagnetic energy has proven to be particularly attractive because of its advantages vis-à-vis conventional heat recovery techniques. While extensive research has been conducted on this radiofrequency recovery method over the years, numerical simulation with reservoir industry applications has been rarely used for electromagnetic heating with heavy oil reservoirs when connected to strong-bottom aquifers. We propose a numerical scheme to estimate temperature variations in the reservoir by electromagnetic absorption, based on the calculation of the electro- magnetic wavefield amplitude and radiation heat diffusion coupling. The electrical and thermal properties of the reservoir were calculated considering the fractions and saturation of its phases. The results obtained from this RF heating simulation show a radially distributed temperature profile within the reservoir. The power and frequency of the incident wave were considered for an antenna located in the center of the formation. This allows to determine the required energy in kWh, and its influence on the antenna power, as well as the thermal and electrical properties of the medium such as aquifers. Numerical modelling allows reaching a stable temperature inside the reservoir, in days or months, despite the strong presence of water-saturated zones. The simulation shows that the presence of aquifers at bottom and partially saturated media affects reservoir heating. To make the numerical experiment reproducible and verifiable, the workflow is provided in code form.</h4>Herling Gonzalez AlvarezAlberto Raul Pinzon DıazClaudia Lorena Delgadillo AyaEduin Orlando Muñoz Mazo
Copyright (c) 2023 CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro
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2023-06-302023-06-30131314210.29047/01225383.690Comprehensive investigation on the geothermal energy sector in México
https://ctyf.journal.ecopetrol.com.co/index.php/ctyf/article/view/665
<p>Factors such as fossilisation, diversification of energy resources, sustainable development, and energy security are attracting global attention for the development and expansion of renewable energy sources. Environmental issues arising from fossil fuel consumption are being addressed, but concerns remain about the renewability and availability of new energy sources. Mexico is one of the ten countries in the exploitation of geothermal energy, with a history of approximately five decades. This study examines Mexico's five major geothermal fields: Cerro Prieto, Los Azufres, Los Humeros, Las Tres Vírgenes, and Domo San Pedro. Currently, Mexico is working with international geothermal companies. However, there are more power plants and substantial cooperation to obtain this energy for industry and homes. This study is focused on the potential of geothermal exploitation in Mexico and its position worldwide after the introduction of geothermal energy in Mexico. Next, five geothermal fields are introduced in Mexico, and the potential and capacities of each are discussed. Finally, the future energy scenarios in Mexico are reviewed, with an emphasis on geothermal energy.</p>Yashar AryanfarJorge Luis García AlcarazJulio Blanco FernandezHasan KötenMohamed M. Awad
Copyright (c) 2023 CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro
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2023-06-302023-06-30131435510.29047/01225383.665Experimental evaluation of the potential impacts of polymer breakthrough on topside operations at Yariguí-Cantagallo field conditions
https://ctyf.journal.ecopetrol.com.co/index.php/ctyf/article/view/674
<p>After a successful polymer injection pilot, Ecopetrol plans to deploy at full-field scale this enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology on the Yariguí-Cantagallo field. Although a significant increase oil production is expected, the impact of the residual polymer on the produced water cycle should not be neglected. Indeed, after the polymer breakthrough, a significant part of the EOR chemical will be present in the produced fluids, and this may negatively impact the water/oil separation and the water treatment processes. An early review of this scenario provides an accurate vision of potential issues and, above all, enables to anticipate handling difficulties with produced fluids, and identifying mitigation strategies.</p> <p>This paper proposes a specific and comprehensive experimental methodology to assess production risks using laboratory equipment designed to mimic the current separation processes of the Yariguí-Cantagallo field, which were as representative as possible. The objective is to highlight the impact of the residual polymer first on water/oil separation processes with bottle tests, electrostatic dehydration tests, and polymer fouling evaluation on heat exchangers and, second, on water treatment using long-term gravity separation tests, Jar test, flotation column, and walnut shell filtration unit. The assessment considered different scenarios in terms of polymer concentration, water-cut, water composition and initial oil content in the produced water. The compatibility between the polymer and some oilfield chemicals, such as demulsifiers and water clarifiers, was also investigated. The efficiency of these physical and chemical treatments was evaluated by monitoring the separation kinetics as well as by evaluating the quality of the phases with measures of water-in-oil content, oil-in-water content, or water turbidity.</p> <p>For this case study and at laboratory scale, the polymer does not seem to stabilize tight emulsions, rather observing an improvement in water/oil separation kinetics. However, the quality of the separated water is strongly degraded with a higher oil content and some incompatibilities with current demulsifiers which reduce their efficiency have been observed. The risk of polymer precipitation or fouling on heat surface is very low under the experimental conditions tested. The performance of the different water treatment stages is slightly affected in the presence of polymer, even if the water quality remains good.</p> <p>The operational risk assessment conclusions and pending recommendations draw the map of conditions where the residual polymer seems to cause problems or not. This anticipated experimental approach can provide clues and solutions to better manage the impact of the residual polymer in back produced fluids. Adjusting process parameters on existing surface facilities and working on chemical treatment optimization should ensure to produce oil, and release produced water on specifications. This challenge will be one of the keys for technical success and for upholding the expected economic performance of this EOR project.</p>Aurélie MouretHenderson Ivan Quintero PérezIsabelle HénautCyril JermannChristian Blazquez-EgeaRocío Macarena OrtízMauricio Gutierrez BenavidesCristian NarváezDalje Sunith BarbosaMathieu Salaün
Copyright (c) 2023 CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro
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2023-06-302023-06-30131577410.29047/01225383.674Study of fatigue characteristics of key welds of modular drilling derricks
https://ctyf.journal.ecopetrol.com.co/index.php/ctyf/article/view/668
<p>Driven by the gradual development of oil and natural gas resources, the global use of rigs and the number of wells rise steadily. Modular rigs play an important role in oil exploration because of their efficient transport, economy, technological advancement, and rig reliability. The derrick is a key part of the modular rig, and since many essential components in the derrick are welded, the fatigue life of the derrick weld is particularly relevant. In this paper, the modular rig is the object of the research, proposing the calculation formula of fatigue life of the key weld of the derrick. Using modular rig ZJ90D as an example, and combining the rig working conditions with the structural characteristics of the derrick, the key calculation parameters are obtained by numerical analysis. Thus, the life expectancy of the key weld is calculated according to the calculation formula of fatigue life presented herein. The research results have important reference significance and guiding value for the design and optimization of modular rig derricks.</p>zhe zhangJialin Tian Chenghang LiuChangqing Xiong
Copyright (c) 2023 CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro
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2023-06-302023-06-30131758510.29047/01225383.668Planning model for natural gas commercialization with legal and operational constraints
https://ctyf.journal.ecopetrol.com.co/index.php/ctyf/article/view/664
<p class="ArticleFulltext"><span lang="EN-GB">This paper presents a mathematical model for planning optimization of the gas supply chain of a company that is a producer, trader, and gas consumer for its operations, but does not transport it, according to the guidelines of the Colombian government. The model optimizes the profit of the modeled company based on <strong>(i)</strong> the availability and demand of the modeled company, <strong>(ii)</strong> public information from other gas-producing and consuming companies, and <strong>(iii)</strong> demand-serving priorities. The model is formulated as a single-period non-linear programming (NLP) model that optimizes the natural gas allocations and the total profit of the company considering production, transportation, prioritization, and economic constraints. Due to prioritization constraints, the model is formulated as a optimization problem that is solved with the lexicographical method. The proposed model stands out for its ability to be used as a decision support tool for natural gas supply planners in Colombia due to its considerations of the technical, legal, contractual, and regulatory aspects of natural gas production in the country.</span></p> <p> </p>Carlos Efraín Roa DuarteRafael Cristóbal García SaraviaJuan Carlos Palomares QuinteroOrlando A. MedinaJorge Mario GámezJulián Andrés Yaya BravoLuis Javier Hoyos Marín
Copyright (c) 2023 CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro
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2023-06-302023-06-301318710210.29047/01225383.664