Relationship between the mud organic matter content and the maximum height of diapiric domes using analog models
Keywords:
Mud diapirs, Sedimentary, Analog models, Gas, Organic matter, Geomorphology
Abstract
Mud diapirs are sedimentary structures produced by mud intrusion through a host rock. In this study, analog models of mud diapirism showed that gas generated from decomposition of organic matter contained in diapiric mud plays a fundamental role in the generation of these structures. This study is aimed to test the hypothesis that a relationship exists between the mud organic matter content (TOC) and the maximum height of diapiric domes. Our experiments were performed using sand boxes 20 x 20 x 16 cm in size, using nine mud combinations with TOC values that ranged between 1.6 and 4.3%, repeated 5 times to minimize random errors. Results of this study confirm that a linear relationship of the maximum height (mm) = 12.7xTOC (%) – 18.16 explains the elevations measured. In addition, an inverse linear relationship between TOC and the time at which the domes reached hmax was established. Observation of the morphological changes undergone by domes during their evolution allowed recognition of evolutionary stages that can be compared to the geomorphology of mud domes in nature. The relationships established in this study are useful to generate hypothesis about the organic matter content under active mud diapiric areas. For example, the elevations in the south of Colombia’s Sinú diapiric Belt (Abibe-Las Palomas Anticlinorium) are, on average, clearly higher than those in the northern part of this belt (Turbaco Anticlinorium). This may be the result of a much more organic-rich mud source under the southern Anticlinorium relative to the north. Finally, a warning is made on the risks of constructions above areas where mud diapirism occurs, which can be affected by the collapse of diapiric domes.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00093-1
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.10.009
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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2010.00473.x
Gao, S., House, W. & Chapman, W.G. (2005). NMR/MRI study of clathrate hydrate mechanisms. J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(41), 19090-19093.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp052071w
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Hedberg, H. D. (1974). Relation of methane generation to undercompacted shales, shale diapirs and mud volcanoes. AAPG Bull., 58(4), 661-673.
https://doi.org/10.1306/83D91466-16C7-11D7-8645000102C1865D
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.11.022
Hester, K. C. & Brewer, P. G. (2009). Clathrate hydrates in nature. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 303-327.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163824
Higgins, G. E. & Saunders, J. B. (1974). Mud volcanoes - Their nature and origin, contributions to geology and palaeobiology of Caribbean and adjacent areas. Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 84: 101-152.
Hovland, M., Hill, A. & Stokes, D. (1997). The structure and geomorphology of the Dashgil mud volcano, Azerbaijan. Geomorphology, 21(1), 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00034-2
Jakubov, A. A., Ali-Zade, A. A. & Zeinalov, M. M. (1971). Mud volcanoes of the Azerbaijan SSR: Atlas. Elm-Azer- baijan Acad. Sci. Pub. House, Baku.
Judd, A. G. & Hovland, M. (2007). Seabed fluid flow: The impact on geology, biology, and the marine environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535918
Kobayashi, K., Ashi, J., Boulegue, J., Cambray, H., Chamot- Rooke, N., Fujimoto, H., Furuta, T., Iiyama, J. T., Koi- zumi, T., Mitsuzawa, K., Monma, H., Murayama, M., Naka, J., Nakanishi, M., Ogawa, Y., Otsuka, K., Okada, M., Oshida, A., Shima, N., Soh, W., Takeuchi, A., Wata- nabe, M. & Yamagata, T. (1992). Deep-tow survey in the KAIKO-Nankai cold seepage areas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 109: 347-354.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(92)90097-F
Kopf, A. J. (2002). Significance of mud volcanism. Rev. Geophys., 40(2), 1-52.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000RG000093
Kopf, A. J. (2003). Global methane emission through mud volcanoes and its past and present impact on the Earth's climate. Int. J. Earth Sci., 92(5), 806-816.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-003-0341-z
Kopf, A., Robertson, A. H. F. & Volkmann, N. (2000). Origin of mud breccia from the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex based on evidence of the maturity of organic matter and related petrographic and regional tectonic evidence. Mar. Geol., 166(1-4), 65-82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00009-8
Krastel, S., Spiess, V., Ivanov, M., Weinrebe, W., Bohrmann, G., Shashkin, P. & Heidersdorf, F. (2003). Acoustic inves- tigations of mud volcanoes in the Sorokin Trough, Black Sea. Geo-Mar. Lett., 23(3), 230-238.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-003-0143-0
León, R., Somoza, L., Medialdea, T., González, F. J., Díaz- del-Río, V., Fernández-Puga, M. C., Maestro, A. & Mata, M. P. (2007). Sea-floor features related to hydrocarbon seeps in deepwater carbonate-mud mounds of the Gulf of Cádiz: from mud flows to carbonate precipitates. Geo-Mar. Lett. 27(2), 237-247.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-007-0074-2
Lundgaard, L. & Mollerup, J. (1992). Calculation of phase diagrams of gas-hydrates. Fluid Phase Equilibr., 76: 141-149.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(92)85083-K
Mantilla-Pimiento, A. M., Jentzsch, G., Kley, J. & Alfonso-Pava, C. (2009). Configuration of the Colombian Caribbean Margin: Constraints from 2D seismic reflection data and potential fields interpretation. In: Lallemand, S. & Funiciello. F. (eds.). Subduction zone geodynamics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 247-272.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87974-9_13
Martin, J. B., Kastner, M., Henry, P., Le Pichon, X. & Lallement, S. (1996). Chemical and isotopic evidence for sources of fluids in a mud volcano field seaward of the Barbados accretionary wedge. J. Geophys. Res., 101(B9), 20325-20345.
https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00140
Michon, L. & Merle, O. (2003). Mode of lithospheric extension: Conceptual models from analogue modeling. Tectonics, 22(4), 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002TC001435
Milkov, A. V. (2000). Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates. Mar. Geol., 167(1-2), 29-42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00022-0
Morita, S., Ashi, J., Aoike, K. & Kuramoto, S. (2004). Evolution of Kumano basin and sources of clastic ejecta and pore fluid in Kumano mud volcanoes, Eastern Nankai Trough. International Symposium on Methane Hydrates and Fluid Flow in Upper Accretionary Prisms, Kyoto University, Kyoto.
Nishio, Y., Ijiri, A., Toki, T., Morono, Y., Tanimizu, M., Nagaishi, K. & Inagaki, F. (2015). Origins of lithium in submarine mud volcano fluid in the Nankai accretionary wedge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 414: 144-155.
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How to Cite
Ríos Reyes, C. A., González Morales, O., Rodríguez Madrid, A. L., & Ojeda Bueno, G. Y. . (2015). Relationship between the mud organic matter content and the maximum height of diapiric domes using analog models. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología Y Futuro, 6(2), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.17
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2015-12-15
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