Practical methodology for interwell tracer applications

Keywords: Interwell tracer tests, Chemical tracers, Fluorobenzoic acids, FBA, Method of Moments, MoM

Abstract

Tracer technology has been used in the oil industry to investigate the fluid flow behavior into the reservoir.  Using this technology is possible to obtain relevant data from the reservoir such as remaining oil accumulations, estimate volumetric sweep efficiency, define reservoir heterogeneities, identify flow channeling, and determine residual oil saturation (Sor).

 

This technology has been one of the most useful tools for reservoir characterization for several decades. The tracer is injected in the injector well and then monitored in the producer wells through the tracer concentration measurements. Although many tracer studies have been documented for reservoir characterization, the available information and methodologies related to the design, implementation, and interpretation of tracer tests are limited or confidential.

The goal of his article is to show a methodology for the design, execution, and interpretation of interwell tracer tests, which includes procedures for field implementation, sampling, and monitoring of these tests. Laboratory analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography is described in the experimental evaluation of tracer tests. Additionally, for a better understanding of the technology, examples of laboratory and field cases are presented.

References

Zemel, B., (1995). Tracers in the Oil Field. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B. V.

Meza Pérez, E. A., (2014). Modelado de Pruebas de Trazadores en Yacimientos Petroleros. Aplicaciones de Campo (Tesis de maestría). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.

Solares Andrade, J., (2001). Metodologia empleada en la interpretacion de pruebas de trazadores (Tesis de grado). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.

Sabag, J. R. (2008). Prueba de trazadores en la recuperación de hidrocarburos. AI México, México DF.

Brigham, W. E., & D. H. Smith, (1965). Prediction Of Tracer Behavior In Five-Spot Flow, Conf. Prod. Res. Eng. Congreso, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Smith, D. H., & Brigham, W. E. (1965, January 1). Field Evaluation of Waterflood Tracers in a Five Spot. American Petroleum Institute.

Abbaszadeh-Dehghani, M. (1982). Analysis of Unit Mobility Ratio Well-To-Well Tracer Flow to Determine Reservoir Heterogeneity, Stanford University.

Abbaszadeh, D. M., & Brigham, W. E. (1983). Analysis of unit mobility ratio well-to-well tracer flow to determine reservoir heterogeneity. DOE Report# DOE/SF/11564-1.

Hsu, J. S.-S. (1997). Design and Analysis of Tracer Test for Characterizing Heterogeneous Reservoir (MSc. Thesis). California State University, USA.

Abbaszadeh-Dehghani, M. & W. E. Brigham, (1984). Analysis Of Well-to-Well Tracer Flow To Determine Reservoir Layering, Journal Petroleum Technology. 36(10), Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/10760-PA.

Deans, H. A. (1963). A mathematical model for dispersion in the direction of flow in porous media. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 3(01), 49-52. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/493-PA.

Coats, K. H., & Smith, B. D. (1964, March 1). Dead-End Pore Volume and Dispersion in Porous Media. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 4(1), 73–84. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/647-PA.

Brigham, W. E. (1974). Mixing Equations in Short Laboratory Cores. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 14(01), 91–99. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/4256-PA.

Tang, D. H. & D. K. Babu. (1979). Analytical solution of a velocity dependent dispersion problem. Water Resources Research, 15(6), 1471–1478. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i006p01471.

Moench, A. F. & A. Ogata. (1981). A numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution to radial dispersion in a porous medium. Water Resources Research, 17(1), 250–252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i001p00250.

Hsieh, P. A., (1986). A New Formula for the Analytical Solution of the Radial Dispersion Problem. Water Resources Research, 22(11), 1597-1605. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i011p01597

Tang, D. H. E. & D. W. Peaceman. (1987). New Analytical and Numerical Solutions for the Radial Convection-Dispersion Problem. SPE Reservoir Engineering, 2(03), 343–359. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/16001-PA.

Falade, G. K. & W. E. Brigham. (1989). Analysis of Radial Transport of Reactive Tracer in Porous Media. SPE reservoir engineering, 4(01), 85-90. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/16033-PA.

Tang, J. S. & B. Harker. (1991). Interwell Tracer Test To Determine Residual Oil Saturation In A Gas-Saturated Reservoir. Part I: Theory And Design. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 30(03). Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/91-03-08.

Jensen, C. L., & Horne, R. N. (1983). Matrix diffusion and its effect on the modeling of tracer returns from the fractured geothermal reservoir at Wairakei, New Zealand (No. SGP-TR-74-43). Stanford Univ., CA (United States).

Walkup Jr, G. W., & Horne, R. N. (1985, January). Characterization of tracer retention processes and their effect on tracer transport in fractured geothermal reservoirs. In SPE California Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/13610-MS.

Chen, C. ‐S. (1985). Analytical and Approximate Solutions to Radial Dispersion From an Injection Well to a Geological Unit With Simultaneous Diffusion Into Adjacent Strata. Water Resources Research, 21(8), 1069-1076. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i008p01069

Chen, C. ‐S. (1986). Solutions for Radionuclide Transport From an Injection Well Into a Single Fracture in a Porous Formation. Water Resources Research, 22(4), 508-518. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i004p00508

Ramirez, J., Samaniego V., F., Rivera, J. R., & Rodriguez, F. (1993, January 1). Tracer Flow in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/25900-MS

Stephenson, D., Paling, W. A. J., & De Jesus, A. S. M. (1989). Radiotracer dispersion tests in a fissured aquifer. Journal of Hydrology, 110(1-2), 153-164. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90241-2.

Morales, V. A., Ramirez, L. K., Garnica, S. V., Rueda, L. A., Gomez, V., Gomez, A., ... & Shook, G. M. (2018, April). Inter Well Tracer Test Results in the Mature Oil Field La Cira Infantas. In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/190315-MS

Deans, H. A. (1978). Using Chemical Tracers to Measure Fractional Flow and Saturation In-situ. In Fifth Symposium on Improved Methods for Oil Recovery of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME. Tulsa, Oklahoma. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/7076-MS.

Danckwerts, P. V., (1953). Continuous flow systems. Distribution of residence times, Chemical Engineering Science, 2(1), 1-13. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(53)80001-1

Shook, G. M., G. A. Pope, & K. Asakawa. (2009). Determining Reservoir Properties and Flood Performance From Tracer Test Analysis. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118 / 124614-MS

Shook, G. M., & Forsmann, J. H. (2005). Tracer interpretation using temporal moments on a spreadsheet (No. INL/EXT-05-00400). Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Doi: https://doi.org/10.2172/910998.

Shook, G. M., A. Sharma, & G. A. Pope. (2016). Early-Time Analysis of Tracers for Use in Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Flood Optimization. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 20(01), 030–041. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/169109-PA

Oyerinde, A. S. (2005). A Composite Tracer Analysis Approach to Reservoir Characterization (Master's thesis). Texas A&M University. Texas, USA.

Cubillos, H., Stofferis, M., Vanegas, G., Lager, A., & Rolf, A. (2013, June). Strategy and Planning EOR for Caracara Sur Field, Colombia. In EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition incorporating SPE Europec. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/164930-MS

Patiño Sanchez, J. C., & Perez Lopez, G. O. (2006). Metodologia para el diseño y evaluacion de pruebas de trazadores entre pozos como herramienta complementaria en la caracterizacion de yacimientos: Estado del arte (Doctoral dissertation). Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Pérez Reyes, V. H. (2004). Análisis de resultados de pruebas de inyección con trazadores químicos al campo Jujo-Tecominoacán (Tesis de pregrado). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.

Cubillos, H., Torgersen, H. J. T., Chatzichristos, C., & Lamela Tobio, M. (2006, January). Best practice and case study of interwell tracer program designs. In International Oil Conference and Exhibition in Mexico. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/103891-MS.

Lake, L. W., Fanchi, J. R., Arnold, K., Clegg, J. D., Holstein, E. D., & Warner, H. R. (2007). Petroleum engineering handbook: reservoir engineering and petrophysics (Vol. 5). Richardson, TX: USA: Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Cheung, S., Edwards, A., & Howard, J. (1999, January). A novel approach to interwell tracer design and field case history. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/56610-MS

Dugstad, Ø., Aurdal, T., Galdiga, C., Hundere, I., & Torgersen, H. J. (1999, January). Application of tracers to monitor fluid flow in the Snorre field: a field study. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/56427-MS.

Wagner, O. R., Baker, L. E., & Scott, G. R. (1974, January). The design and implementation of multiple tracer program for multifluid, multiwell injection projects. In Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/5125-MS.

Cubillos, H., Torgersen, H., Chatzichristos, C., Kleven, R., Dugstad, O., & Galdiga, C. (2007, January). Integrated Approach-Key For Successful Interwell Tracer Project. In Offshore Mediterranean Conference and Exhibition. Offshore Mediterranean Conference.

Calhoun, T. G., & Tittle, R. M. (1968, January). Use of radioactive isotopes in gas injection. In Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/2277-MS.

Ruan, F., Carhart, S., Giordano, R. M., Grinestaff, G. H., Bratvedt, F., & Olufsen, R. (2002, January). An overview of streamline tracer modeling of miscible/immiscible WAG injection IOR. In SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/75198-MS

Crowe, T. L. (1993). Radioactive Steam Tracer Comparison Between Krypton-85, Xenon-133, Nal-131 (Methyl Alcohol Based), and Nal·131 (Water Based), SPE Production & Facilities. 131(02), 51–57. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/20035-PA.

Aparecida de Melo, M., de Holleben, C. R., & Almeida, A. R. (2001, January). Using tracers to characterize petroleum reservoirs: application to Carmopolis Field, Brazil. In SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/69474-MS

Iliassov, P. A., Datta-Gupta, A., & Vasco, D. W. (2001, January). Field-scale characterization of permeability and saturation distribution using partitioning tracer tests: The Ranger field, Texas. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/71320-MS

Diaz, D., N. Saez, & C. Somaruga. (2010). Ensayos Multitrazador para Evaluar Eficiencias de Barrido en Recuperación Mejorada con Inyección Selectiva. In IAPG–Congreso de Producción del Bicentenario, Salta, Argentina.

Du, Y., & Guan, L. (2005, January). Interwell tracer tests: lessons learned from past field studies. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/93140-MS.

Ghori, S. G., & Heller, J. P. (1992, January). The use of well-to-well tracer tests to determine geostatistical parameters of permeability. In SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/24138-MS.

Asadi, M., & Shook, G. M. (2010, January). Application of chemical tracers in IOR: a case history. In North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/126029-MS.

Figueroa, M. (2016). Análisis Cuantitativo de Pruebas de Trazadores Químicos como Metodología de Caracterización Geoquímica de Yacimientos de Hidrocarburos (Tesis de pregrado). Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas.

Alramadhan, A. A., U. Kilicaslan, & D. S. Schechter. (2015). Analysis, Interpretation, and Design of Inter‐Well Tracer Tests in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, Journal of Petroleum Science Research, 4(2), 97–122. Doi: https://doi.org/ 10.12783/jpsr.2015.0402.05.

Escobar Alfaro, G. S. (2014). Modelación Numérica de la Fase Inicial de Pruebas de Trazadores de Inyección-Extracción Considerando Flujo Radial y Vertical (Tesis de maestría). Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, México.

Numbere, D. T., & Erkal, A. (1998, January). A model for tracer flow in heterogeneous porous media. In SPE Asia Pacific Conference on Integrated Modelling for Asset Management. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/39705-MS.

Ruben, J., & Patzek, T. W. (2002, January). Multiple-scale stabilized finite elements for the simulation of tracer injections and waterflood. In SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/75231-MS.

Malta, S. M., Loula, A. F., & Garcia, E. L. (2000). Numerical analysis of a stabilized finite element method for tracer injection simulations. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 187(1-2), 119-136. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(99)00113-9.

Ali, E., Chatzichristos, C., Aurdal, T., & Muller, J. (2000, January). Tracer simulation to improve the reservoir model in the Snorre Field. In International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition in China. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/64796-MS.

Huseby, O. K., Sagen, J., Wangen, M., & Viig, S. (2010, January). Planning and Interpretation of Offshore-Field Tracer Tests Using Accurate and Refined Tracer Simulations. In SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.Doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/139170-MS.

Huseby, O., E. Rein, Ø. Dugstad, & J. Sagen. (2008, November). Using Tracer Data to Improve Petroleum Reservoir Models. In 5th International Conference on Tracers and Tracing Methods. Tiradentes/MG,(Brasil) (pp. 2-6).

Manrique, E. (2019). Personal communication-Polymer flood study in Western U.S., 2011.

Manrique, E., Ahmadi,M., Samani,S. Historical and recent observations in Polymer Floods: An Update Review (2017). CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 6(5), 17 - 48. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.72

How to Cite
Perez, R., Espinosa, C., Pinto, K., & Gutierrez, M. (2020). Practical methodology for interwell tracer applications. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología Y Futuro, 10(2), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.261

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Published
2020-12-17
Section
Scientific and Technological Research Articles

Altmetric

Funding data

QR Code