Factores críticos para el desarrollo de hidrocarburos no convencionales
Resumen
Muchos países alrededor del mundo realizan ingentes esfuerzos para explotar su recurso hidrocarburífero no convencional con el fin de asegurar la autosuficiencia, pero pocos han sido exitosos. Los reguladores y tomadores de decisión requieren comprender los factores críticos necesarios para atraer empresas petroleras multinacionales, con el fin de que apalanquen los esfuerzos de las empresas petroleras nacionales, a través de las mejores prácticas, recursos de capital y la tecnología, necesarios para lograr la
innovación y así poder desarrollar estos abundantes recursos de manera ambiental y generando utilidades. El objetivo principal de este estudio es identificar los factores críticos de éxito más relevantes para el desarrollo de estos recursos. Para esto, se analizaron los resultados de 60 países e identificaron los factores
críticos en común de los 22 más activos. Se propone la utilización del Índice de Desarrollo de Hidrocarburos no Convencionales (UDI) que utiliza estos factores para modelar, ordenar, comparar y pronosticar la actividad de desarrollo del potencial hidrocarburífero no convencional para un determinado país en particular. Se evalúa el caso de Colombia con el fin de mostrar la validez del Índice. Los resultados del estudio sugieren que aquellos países en donde la empresa petrolera nacional realiza los esfuerzos para desarrollar estos recursos por su cuenta, carecen del conocimiento y la experiencia requerida, a pesar del apoyo gubernamental y la disponibilidad de recursos financieros. Las posibilidades de emular el desempeño de las empresas resilientes norteamericanas que explotan los recursos hidrocarburíferos no convencionales mejoran al realizar alianzas para incorporar las mejores prácticas de manera más efectiva. Los gobiernos pueden apalancar el proceso mediante el apoyo al desarrollo de los Yacimientos no Convencionales, la reducción de los riesgos de superficie y subsuelo, un régimen fiscal atractivo y el apoyo de las prácticas ESG.
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