Análisis de viabilidad para la generación eléctrica a través de fuentes renovables: hacia la producción de energía sustentable
Resumen
La generación eléctrica mediante fuentes renovables es una alternativa eficaz para mitigar el cambio climático, pues su impacto ambiental es menor en comparación al de los combustibles fósiles. Sin embargo, hay problemas socioeconómicos constantes en los lugares donde se instalan las centrales eléctricas, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. En este trabajo, se desarrolló una metodología innovadora para evaluar la idoneidad de la generación de electricidad a través de energía solar, eólica y biomasa. A diferencia de la mayoría de los estudios encontrados en la literatura científica, este trabajo considera los aspectos sociales, ambientales y económicos como claves para determinar la idoneidad de los proyectos energéticos. Primero, se llevó a cabo un análisis sobre la aceptación social y la resiliencia hacia las energías renovables y las condiciones para que las comunidades se beneficien de estos proyectos, después, analizamos la disponibilidad y capacidad de las fuentes de energía renovable en México, como caso de estudio. A continuación, se desarrolló un conjunto de indicadores relacionados con los tres pilares de la sustentabilidad, para evaluar las condiciones de cada lugar con los mejores recursos renovables del país. También se consideró el ciclo de vida y el factor de capacidad de cada tecnología. Por último, se desarrolló un modelo matemático para conocer los lugares y tecnologías más adecuados para la generación eléctrica. Los resultados muestran una tendencia hacia los estados del norte de México, especialmente los limítrofes con Estados Unidos, a ser los más viables para la generación eléctrica. La tecnología más adecuada es la energía eólica. Finalmente, los hallazgos también indican que Oaxaca, el estado con los mejores recursos eólicos y líder en generación mediante esta tecnología en México, es el estado menos viable para la generación eólica, como fue confirmado con evidencia científica, ya que las instalaciones eólicas están asociadas con daños culturales y económicos en las comunidades receptoras en este estado.
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