Review of studies on asphaltene - wax interaction and the effect thereof on crystallization
Keywords:
Waxy crude oils, Asphaltene, Waxes, Crystallization, X-ray diffraction, Pour point, Rheological properties
Abstract
This paper reviews the impact of asphaltenes on wax crystallization and on the properties of crude oils, and the consequences thereof on the flow assurance of waxy crude oil. It initially includes studies of the crystallization of both pure n-alkanes as well as the mixtures thereof, because they have led to an understanding of how their precipitation occurs along with their transitions of crystalline phases, particularly, by studies of X-ray diffraction (XRD). This is followed by the studies and results of crystallization in crude oils and/or the fractions thereof and how their properties are affected in the presence of asphaltenes.
The results on the influence of asphaltenes are inconclusive and sometimes contradictory: some confirm that their presence decreases pour point, others affirm that it increases it and yet others say there is no effect. Similar results have been reported for properties such as crystallization point, phase transition and rheological properties. The influence of the chemical structure of asphaltenes on the change in crude oil properties has not been generalized either. It has been inferred that is possibly due to the interaction between aliphatic chains of asphaltenes and waxes, and it has been established that there is synergy in coprecipitation due to evidence in the analysis of organic deposits.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7361(09)70292-4
Mahmoud, R., Gierycz, P., Solimando, R. & Rogalski, M. (2005). Calorimetric probing of n-alkane-petroleum asphaltene interactions. Energy & Fuels, 19(6), 2474-2479.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef050161u
Mansoori, G. (1997). Modeling of asphaltene and other heavy organic depositions. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 17(1-2), 101-111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-4105(96)00059-9
Mansoori, G. (2009). A unified perspective on the phase behaviour of petroleum fluids. Int. J. Oil, Gas and Coal Technology, 2(2), 141-167.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJOGCT.2009.024884
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https://doi.org/10.1021/la047126k
Tinsley, J., Jahnke, J., Dettman, H. & Prud'home, R. (2009a). Waxy gels with asphaltenes 1: Characterization of precipitation, gelation, yield stress, and morphology. Energy & Fuels, 23(4), 2056-2064.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef800636f
Tinsley, J., Jahnke, J., Adamson, D., Guo, X., Amin, D., Kriegel, R., Saini, R., Dettman, H. & Prud'home, R. (2009b). Waxy gels with asphaltenes 2: Use of wax control polymers. Energy & Fuels, 23(4), 2065-2074.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.06.022
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https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3276458
Yang, Z. & Kilpatrick, P. (2005). Asphaltenes and waxes do not interact synergistically and coprecipitate in solid organic deposits. Energy & Fuels, 19(4), 1360-1375.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef050022c
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.08.012
Alcázar, L., García, L. & Buenrostro, E. (2012). Effect of asphaltenes on equilibrium and rheological properties of waxy model systems. Fuel, 93: 200-212.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.10.038
Aske, N. (2002). Characterization of crude oil components, asphaltene aggregation and emulsion stability by means of near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Ph. D. thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway, 51pp.
Babadagli, T. (2007). Development of mature field - A review. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 57(3-4), 221-246.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2006.10.006
Ball, R. & Jones, J. (2009). Thermodynamics of the deposition of complex waxes and asphaltenes in crude oil. Open Thermodyn. J., 3: 34-37.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X00903010034
Briard, A., Bouroukba, M., Petitjean, D., Hubert, N., Moise, J. & Dirand, M. (2005). Thermodynamic and structural analysesW of the solid phases in multi-alkane mixtures similar to petroleum cuts at ambient temperature. Fuel, 84(9), 1066-1073.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.01.009
Briard, A., Bouroukba, M., Petitjean, D., Hubert, N., Moise, J. & Dirand, M. (2006). Thermodynamic and structural analyses and mechanisms of the crystallisation of multialkane model mixtures similar to petroleum cuts. Fuel, 85(5-6), 764-777.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.07.020
Danesh, A. (2003). PVT and phase behaviour of petroleum reservoir fluids. Netherlands: Elsevier.
Da Silva, J. & Coutinho, J. (2004). Dynamic rheological analysis of the gelation behaviour of waxy crude oils. Rheol. Acta, 43(5), 433-441.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-004-0367-6
Dimitriou, C. (2013). The rheological complexity of waxy crude oils: Yielding, thixotropy and shear heterogeneities. Ph. D. thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, 320pp.
Dirand, M., Chevallier, V., Bouroukba, M., Petitjean, D., Behar E. & Ruffier-Meray, V. (2002). Normal alkanes, multialkane synthethic model mixtures, and real petroleum waxes: Crystallographic structures, thermodynamic properties, and crystallization. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47(2), 115-143.
https://doi.org/10.1021/je0100084
Espeau, P. & Céolin, R. (2008). Polymorphism of evennumbered carbon atom n-alkanes revisited through topological P-T diagrams. J. Phys. Chem. B, 112(7), 2063-2069.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0737348
Fang, L., Zhang, X., Ma, J. & Zhang, B. (2012). Investigation into a pour point depressant for Shengli crude oil. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51(36), 11605-11612.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie301018r
Fussell, L. (1979). A technique for calculating multi-phase equilibria. SPE J., 19(4), 203-208.
https://doi.org/10.2118/6722-PA
Ganeeva, Y., Foss, T., Khalikova, D., Yusupova, T. & Romanov, G. (2008). Calorimetric study of the crystalline phase of solid petroleum hydrocarbons and asphaltene-resin-wax deposits. Petrol. Chem., 48(6), 428-433.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965544108060042
Ganeeva, Y., Yusupova, T., Romanov, G. & Bashkitseva, N. (2014). Phase composition of asphaltenes. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim, 115(2), 1593-1600.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3442-3
García, M. & Carbognani, L. (2001). Asphaltene-paraffin structural interactions. Effect on crude oil stability. Energy & Fuels, 15(5), 1021-1027.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0100303
Hammami, A. & Ratulowski, J. (2007). Precipitation and deposition of asphaltenes in production systems: A flow assurance overview. In: Mullins, O., Sheu, E., Hammami, A. & Marshall, A. Asphaltenes, heavy oils and petroleomics, New York: Springer, 617-660.
https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-68903-6_23
Han, S., Huang, Z., Senra, M., Hoffmann, R. & Fogler, H. S. (2010). Method to determine the wax solubility curve in crude oil from centrifugation and high temperature gas chromatography measurements. Energy & Fuels, 24(3), 1753-1761.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef901195w
Hirschberg, A., deJong, L., Schipper, B. & Meijer, J. (1984). Influence of temperature and pressure on asphaltene flocculation. SPE J., 24(3), 283-293.
https://doi.org/10.2118/11202-PA
Huang, Z., Lee, H., Senra, M. & Fogler, H. (2011). A fundamental model of wax deposition in subsea oil pipelines. AIChE J., 57(11), 2955-2964.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.12517
Irmann. T. (2011). Flow assurance - A system perspective. [Website]. [Consulted: December 2013]. Available at:
Kriz, P. & Andersen, S. (2005). Effect of asphaltenes on crude oil wax crystallization. Energy & Fuels, 19(3), 948-953.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef049819e
Kutcherov, V. & Chernoutsan, A. (2006). Crystallization and glass transition in crude oils and their fractions at high pressure. Int. J. Thermophys., 27(2), 474-485.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-005-0005-2
Kuwabara, K. & Horii, F. (1999). Solid-state 13C NMR analyses of the orthorhombic-to-hexagonal phase transition for constrained ultradrawn polyethylene fibers. Macromolecules, 32(17), 5600-5605.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ma990701k
Lei, Y., Han, S., Zhang, J., Bao, Y., Yao, Z. & Xu, Y. (2014). Study on the effect of dispersed and aggregated asphaltene on wax crystallization, gelation, and flow behavior of crude oil. Energy & Fuels, 28(4), 2314-2321.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef4022619
Leontaritis, K. & Mansoori, G. (1987). Asphaltene flocculation during oil production and processing: A thermodynamic colloidal model. SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, San Antonio, USA. SPE 16258.
https://doi.org/10.2118/16258-MS
Lira-Galeana, C. & Hammami, A. (2000). Wax precipitation from petroleum fluids: A review. In: Yen, T. & Chilingarian, G. Asphaltenes and asphalts, 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 40: B, 557-608.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7361(09)70292-4
Mahmoud, R., Gierycz, P., Solimando, R. & Rogalski, M. (2005). Calorimetric probing of n-alkane-petroleum asphaltene interactions. Energy & Fuels, 19(6), 2474-2479.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef050161u
Mansoori, G. (1997). Modeling of asphaltene and other heavy organic depositions. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 17(1-2), 101-111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-4105(96)00059-9
Mansoori, G. (2009). A unified perspective on the phase behaviour of petroleum fluids. Int. J. Oil, Gas and Coal Technology, 2(2), 141-167.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJOGCT.2009.024884
Marchesini, F., Alicke, A., de Souza, P. & Ziglio, C. (2012). Rheological characterization of waxy crude oils: Sample preparation. Energy & Fuels, 26(5), 2566-2577.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201335c
Mullin, J. (2001). Crystallization. Fourth edition. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-075064833-2/50000-0
Murgich, J. & Strausz, O. (2001). Molecular mechanics of aggregates of asphaltenes and resins of the athabasca oil. Petrol. Sci. Technol., 19(1-2), 231-243.
https://doi.org/10.1081/LFT-100001237
Oh, K. & Deo, M. (2009). Characteristics of wax gel formation in the presence of asphaltenes. Energy & Fuels, 23(3), 1289-1293.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef8006307
Ordóñez, A., Guarín, F., Parra, J., Vargas, J., Suárez, H., Castillo, G. & Castro, J. (2003). Diagnósticos y estrategias de recobro. Informe Final Campo Colorado. El Centro. Ecopetrol S.A.
Pfeiffer, J. & Saal, R. (1940). Asphaltene bitumen as colloid system. J. Phys. Chem., 44(22), 139-149.
https://doi.org/10.1021/j150398a001
Rajabalee, F., Métivaud, V., Mondieig, D., Haget, Y. & Cuevas-Diarte, M. (1999). New insights on the crystalline forms in binary systems of n-alkanes: Characterization of the solid ordered phases in the phase diagram tricosane + pentacosane. J. Mater. Res., 14(6), 2644-2654.
https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1999.0354
Sadeghazad, A., Christiansen, R., Sobhi, G. & Edalat, M. (2000). The prediction of cloud point temperature: In wax deposition. SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, Australia. SPE-64519.
https://doi.org/10.2118/64519-MS
Satter, A., Iqbal, G. & Buchwalter, J. (2007). Practical enhanced reservoir engineering: Assisted with simulation software. Tulsa: PennWell.
Sirota, E., King, H., Shao, H. & Singer, D. (1995). Rotator phases in mixtures of n-alkanes. J. Phys. Chem., 99(2), 798-804.
https://doi.org/10.1021/j100002a050
Sotomayor, J. (2000). Las fases sólidas orgánicas en la explotación de petróleo y gas - una contribución al análisis de sus causas. GPA Estudios y Servicios Petroleros SRL. Nota técnica No 26. [Website]. [Consulted: December 2013]. Available at:
Speight, J. (2007). The chemistry and technology of petroleum. Fourth edition. New York: CRC press.
Stachowiak, C., Viguié, J., Grolier, J. & Rogalski, M. (2005). Effect of n-alkanes on asphaltene structuring in petroleum oils. Langmuir, 21(11), 4824-4829.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la047126k
Tinsley, J., Jahnke, J., Dettman, H. & Prud'home, R. (2009a). Waxy gels with asphaltenes 1: Characterization of precipitation, gelation, yield stress, and morphology. Energy & Fuels, 23(4), 2056-2064.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef800636f
Tinsley, J., Jahnke, J., Adamson, D., Guo, X., Amin, D., Kriegel, R., Saini, R., Dettman, H. & Prud'home, R. (2009b). Waxy gels with asphaltenes 2: Use of wax control polymers. Energy & Fuels, 23(4), 2065-2074.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef800651d
Vargas, C. (2009). Nuevos aportes a la estimación del potencial de hidrocarburos en Colombia. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc., 33(126), 17-43.
Venkatesan, R., Östlund, J., Chawla, H., Wattana, P., Nydén, M. & Fogler, H. (2003). The effect of asphaltenes on the gelation of waxy oils. Energy & Fuels, 17(6), 1630-1640.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef034013k
Wang, S., Tozaki, K., Hayashi, H., Inaba, H. & Yamamoto, H. (2006). Observation of multiple phase transitions in some even n-alkanes using a high resolution and super-sensitive DSC. Thermochimica Acta, 448(2), 73-81.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.06.022
Wardhaugh, L., Boger, D. & Tonner, S. (1988). Rheology of waxy crude oils. International Meeting on Petroleum Engineering, Tianjin, China. SPE 17625.
https://doi.org/10.2118/17625-MS
Wentzel, N. & Milner, S. (2010). Crystal and rotator phases of n-alkanes: Amolecular dynamics study. J. Chem. Phys., 132(4), 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3276458
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https://doi.org/10.1021/ef050022c
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How to Cite
Ariza León, E., Molina Velasco, D. R., & Chaves Guerrero, A. (2014). Review of studies on asphaltene - wax interaction and the effect thereof on crystallization. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología Y Futuro, 5(5), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.32
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Published
2014-12-15
Section
Scientific and Technological Research Articles
