Thermophysical properties of castor oil (Ricinus communis l.) biodiesel and its blends
Keywords:
Castor oil, Transesterification, Fuel property, Biodiesel, Density, Kinematic viscosity
Abstract
In this study, biodiesel (methyl ester) was produced from Castor Oil (Ricinus communis L.) (CO) using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and methanol (CH3OH) by the two-step transesterification method. Nine different fuel blends (2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 75% by volume blending with diesel) were prepared.
The density values of Castor Oil Biodiesel (COB) and its blends were measured at the temperature range from 0 to 93°C in steps of 5°C and the kinematic viscosity values of COB and its blends were measured at the temperature range from 30 to 100°C in the steps of 5°C. The results showed that the density, kinematic viscosity, calorific value, flash point, pH, copper strip corrosion and water content of COB are 932.40 kg.m-3, 15.069 mm2.s-1, 38.600 MJ.kg-1, 182°C, 7, 1a and 1067.7 mg.kg-1, respectively. The density and kinematic viscosity of fuel samples decrease as temperature increases; and also these properties decrease as a result of the increase in the amount of diesel in the blends.
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EN ISO 3679. Determination of flash point-Rapid equilibrium closed cup method. 2004.
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Aksoy, F., Yabanova, I., Bayrakçeken, H. & Aksoy, L. (2014). Estimating the dynamic viscosity of vegetable oils using artificial neural networks. Energ. Source. Part A, 36(8), 858-865.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2010.547921
Albuquerque, M. C. G., Machado, Y. L., Torres, A. E. B., Azevedo, D. C. S., Cavalcante, Jr., C. L., Firmiano, L. R. & Parente, Jr., E. J. S. (2009). Properties of biodiesel oils formulated using different biomass sources and their blends. Renew. Energ., 34(3), 857-859.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.07.006
Al-Hamamre, Z. & Al-Salaymeh, A. (2014). Physical properties of (jojoba oil + biodiesel), (jojoba oil + diesel) and (biodiesel + diesel) blends. Fuel, 123: 175-188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.01.047
Asmare, M. & Gabbiye, N. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of biodiesel from castor bean as alternative fuel for diesel engine. Amer. J. Energ. Eng., 2(1), 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajee.20140201.11
ASTM D6751-15a. Standard specification for biodiesel fuel blend stock (B100) for middle distillate fuels. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
Atabani, A. E., Silitonga, A. S., Badruddin, I. A., Masjuki, H. H. & Mekhilef, S. (2012). A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 16(4), 2070- 2093.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.003
Balaji, G. & Cheralathan, M. (2013). Potential of various sources for biodiesel production. Energ. Source. Part A, 35(9), 831-839.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2011.594856
Benjumea, P., Agudelo, J. & Agudelo, A. (2008). Basic properties of palm oil biodiesel-diesel blends. Fuel, 87(10- 11), 2069-2075.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.11.004
Berman, P., Nizri, S. & Wiesman, Z. (2011). Castor oil biodiesel and its blends as alternative fuel. Biomass Bioenergy, 35(7), 2861-2866.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.03.024
Borugadda, V. B. & Goud, V. V. (2012). Biodiesel production from renewable feedstocks: Status and opportunities. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 16(7), 4763-4784.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.010
Chakrabarti, M. H. & Ali, M. (2009). Performance of compression ignition engine with indigenous castor oil biodiesel in Pakistan. Ned. Univ. J. Res., 6(1), 10-19.
Conceição, M. M., Candeia, R. A., Silva, F. C., Bezerra, A. F., Fernandes, Jr, V. J. & Souza, A. G. (2007). Thermoanalytical characterization of castor oil biodiesel. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 11(5), 964-975.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.10.001
Cvengroš, J., Paligová, J. & Cvengrošová, Z. (2006). Properties of alkyl esters base on castor oil. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 108(8), 629-635.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200600031
Demirbas, A. (2007). Importance of biodiesel as transportation fuel. Energ. Policy, 35(9), 4661-4670.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.04.003
Demirbas, A. (2008a). Biodiesel: A realistic fuel alternative for diesel engines. London: Springer-Verlag London.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1351-4180(08)70586-5
Demirbas, A. (2008b). Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats. Energ. Convers. Manage., 49(1), 125-130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.05.002
Demirbas, T. & Demirbas, A. H. (2010). Bioenergy, green energy. Biomass and biofuels. Energ. Source. Part A, 32(12), 1067-1075.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030903058600
Dias, J. M., Araújo, J. M., Costa, J. F., Alvim-Ferraz, M. C. M. & Almeida, M. F. (2013). Biodiesel production from raw castor oil. Energy, 53: 58-66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.018
DIN 51900-1. Testing of solid and liquid fuels - Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimeter and calculation of net calorific value - Part 1: Principles, apparatus, methods. 2000-04.
DIN 51900-2. Testing of solid and liquid fuels - Determination of the gross calorific value by the bomb calorimeter and calculation of the net calorific value - Part 2: Method using isoperibol ot static, jacket calorimeter. 2003-05.
DIN 51900-3. Testing of solid and liquid fuels - Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimeter and calculation of net calorific value - Part 3: Method using adiabatic jacket. 2005-01.
EN 590. Automotive fuels-Diesel-Requirements and test methods. 2004.
EN 14214. Automotive fuels. Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) for diesel engines. Requirements and test methods. 2008.
EN ISO 2160. Petroleum products-Corrosiveness to copper- Copper strip test. 1998.
EN ISO 2719. Determination of flash point-Pensky-Martens closed cup method. 2002
EN ISO 3104. Petroleum products-Transparent and opaque liquids-Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity. 1994
EN ISO 3675. Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products-Laboratory determination of density-Hydrometer method. 1998.
EN ISO 3679. Determination of flash point-Rapid equilibrium closed cup method. 2004.
EN ISO 12185. Crude petroleum and petroleum products- Determination of Density- Oscillating U-tube method, 1996/Cor.1:2001.
EN ISO 12937. Petroleum products-Determination of water-Coulometric Karl Fischer titration method. 2000.
Eryilmaz, T. (2009). The effect of the different mustard oil biodiesel blending ratios on diesel engines performance. PhD Thesis, Natural and Applied Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey, 130pp.
Eryilmaz, T. (2012). Investigation of temperature dependent kinematic viscosity variations of animal fat methyl ester and its blends. EEST Part A, 28(2), 1191-1198.
Eryilmaz, T., Yeşilyurt, M. K., Cesur, C., Yumak, H., Aydin, E., Çelik, S. A. & Yildiz, A. K. (2014a). Determination of fuel properties of biodiesel produced from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Dincer species grown in Yozgat province conditions. JAFAG, 31(1), 63-72.
Eryilmaz, T., Yeşilyurt, M. K., Yumak, H., Arslan, M. & Şahin, S. (2014b). Determination of the fuel properties of cottonseed oil methyl ester and its blends with diesel fuel. IJAET, 3(2), 79-90.
https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.90992
Esteban, B., Riba, J. R., Baquero, G., Rius, A. & Puig, R. (2012). Temperature dependence of density and viscosity of vegetable oils. Biomass Bioenergy, 42: 164-171.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.03.007
Goswami, A. (2011). An alternative eco-friendly avenue for castor oil biodiesel: Use of solid supported acidic salt catalyst. In: Stoytcheva, M. (Ed.). Biodiesel - Feedstocks and processing technologies. Croatia: InTech, (18), 379- 396
https://doi.org/10.5772/25395
Hincapié, G., Mondragón, F. & López, D. (2011). Conventional and in situ transesterification of castor seed oil for biodiesel production. Fuel, 90(4), 1618-1623.
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How to Cite
Gokdogan, O., Eryilmaz, T., & Yesilyurt, M. K. (2015). Thermophysical properties of castor oil (Ricinus communis l.) biodiesel and its blends. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología Y Futuro, 6(1), 95–128. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.29
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Published
2015-06-15
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Scientific and Technological Research Articles
