Synthesis of neutral lipids in chlorella sp. under different light and carbonate conditions
Keywords:
Fatty acids, Microalgae, Lipids, Photosynthesis, Photobioreactor
Abstract
Lipids are biomolecules of great scientific and biotechnological interest due to their extensive applications. Microalgae are potential biological systems used in the synthesis of lipids, particularly Chlorella sp., which is characterized by its high lipid content and for having the right profile for the obtainment of biofuel. Lipid production in microalgae is influenced by several physical and chemical factors.
Any modification thereof can cause a stress response represented by changes in synthesized lipid composition, varying from one species to another. This paper evaluates the effect of different light wavelengths, photoperiods and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) supply in lipid synthesis in Chlorella sp. In order to do so, the microalgae was grown in Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) at 20ºC with constant aeration and subject to low blue (470 nm) and red (700 nm) light wavelengths, 0,5 g.L-1 and 1,5 g.L-1 concentrations of CaCO3 and 6-hour light, 18-hour darkness (6:18) and 18-hour light, 6-hour darkness (18:6) photoperiods. The results indicate a higher growth rate for microalgae under red light, 0,5 g.L-1 of CaCO3 and a photoperiod of 6:18.
On the other hand, lipid production is higher under blue light, 1,5 g.L-1 of CaCO3 and an18:6 photoperiod. Analysis by gas chromatography indicate that the fatty acids in the samples are oleic, linoleic and palmitoleic, which are of recognized importance in the biodiesel industry. This suggests that neutral lipid synthesis can be optimized in two stages: first, by promoting growth and subsequently, by inducing lipid production.
References
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wastewater. Grasas y Aceites, 57 (3), 270-274.
Borowitzka, M. A. (1995). Microalgae as sources of pharmaceuticals and other biologically active compounds. J. Appl. Phycol., 7 (1), 3-15.
Braunegg, G., Atlic, A., Bona, R., Koller, M., Hesse, P. & Kutschera, C. (2007). Biotechnological polyester production from renewable resources. Fifth Croatian Scientific Conference on Biotechnology with International Central-European Participation: Biotechnology, Energy, Chemicals and Renewable Raw Materials. StubickeToplice, Croatia.
Converti, A., Casazza, A. A., Ortiz, E.Y., Perego, P. & Del Borghi, M. (2009). Effect of temperature and nitrogen concentration on the growth and lipid content of Nannochloropsisoculata and Chlorella vulgaris for biodiesel production. Chem. Eng. Process., 48 (6), 1146-1151.
Chen, G. Q., Jiang, Y. & Chen, F. (2007). Fatty acid and lipid class composition of eicosapentaenoic acid producing microalga Nitzschialaevis. Food Chemistry, 104 (4), 1580-1585.
Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from Microalgae. Biotechnol. Adv. 25: 294-306.
Christie, W. (2003). Lipid Analysis. Isolation, separation, identification and structural analysis of lipid. 3ª ed. Bridgwater, Inglaterra: The Oily Press.
De Castro-Araújo, S. & Tavano-García, V. M. (2005). Growth and biochemicals composition so the diatom Chaetoceroswighamii bright well under different temperature, salinity and carbon dioxide levels. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Aquaculture, 246 (1-4), 405-412.
Derner, R. B., Ohse, S., Villela, M., Matos de Carvalho, S. & Fett, R. (2006). Microalgas, produtos e aplicacóes. Ciencia Rural, Santa María, 36 (6), 1959-1967.
Dismukes, G. C., Carrieri, D., Bennette, N., Ananyev, G. M. & Posewitz, M. C. (2008). Aquatic phototrophs: efficient alternatives to land-based crops for biofuels. Curr. Opin. in Biotechnol., 19 (3), 235-240.
Eriksen, N. T. (2008). The technology of microalgal culturing. Biotechnol. Lett., 30 (9), 1525-1536.
Escudero, M., Cid, C. & Escudero, R. (2009). La Controversia De los Agrocombustibles, Una Propuesta Didáctica para Las Ciencias para el Mundo Contemporáneo. Revista Eureka Sobre Enseñanza y Divulgación de las Ciencias, 6 (1), 131-139.
Fahy, E., Subramaniam, S., Brown, A., Glass, C. K., Merrill, A. H., Murphy, R. C., Raetz, C. R. H., Russell, D. W., Seyama, Y., Shaw, W., Shimizu, T., Spener, F., Van M. G.,
Van Nieuwenhze, M. S., White, S. H., Witztumand, J. L. & Dennis, E. A. (2005). A comprehensive classificationsystem for lipids. J. Lipid Res., 46 (5), 839-862.
Fernández, P., Ortiz, F., Guerrero, M., Burbano, O. & España, J. (2006). Influencia de fuentes de carbono y nitrógeno en la síntesis de copolímero Poli- (hidroxibutirato-co-hidroxivalerato) de una cepa Silvestre de Bacillusmycoides. Rev. Universidad y Salud, 1 (7), 34-42.
Grossman, A. & Takahashi, H. (2001).Macronutrient utilization by photosynthetic eukaryotes and the fabric of interactions. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 52 (1), 163-210.
Gupta, S. & Agrawal, S. C. (2006). Survival of blue - green and green algae under stress conditions. Folia. Microbiol. 51 (2), 121-128.
Hernández, L. & Quintana, M. (2010). Biotecnología y Microalgas. Las investigaciones biotecnológicas y el uso de la energía solar como fuente energética en la fase de fermentación reportan beneficio social. Centro de Investigaciones de Energía Solar (CIES) Copyright Cubasolar 2000-2011. Consultado 02 Julio de 2011. Disponible en
Hill, W. (1996). Algal ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems. Effects of light. 121-148 pp. USA: Academic Press. Hirth, T. (2009).Microalgae-A. Sustainable Resource for Valuable Compounds and Energy. FraunhoferInstitute For Interfaciel Engineering and Biotechnology IGB. Consultado 28 de Mayo 2011. Disponible en
Hoff, F. H. & Snell, T. W. (2004). Plankton culture manual. Sixth Edition. Florida: Florida aqua farms. Inc.
Hu, Q., Sommerfeld, M., Jarvis, E., Ghirardi, M., Posewitz, M., Seibert, M. & Darzins, A. (2008). Microalgaltriacylglycerols as feedstock for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. Plant J., 54 (4), 621-639.
Jacob-Lopes, E., Gimenes-Scoparo, C. H., Ferreira-Lacerda, L. M. & Teixeira-Franco, T. (2009). Effect of light cycles (night/day) on CO2 fixation and biomass production by microalgae in photobioreactors Original Research Article. Chem. Eng. and Process., 48 (1), 306-310.
Lee, S. H.,Whitledge, T. E. & Kang, S. H. (2008). Carbon Uptake Rates of Sea Ice Algae and Phytoplankton under Different Light Intensities in a Landfast Sea Ice Zone, Barrow, Alaska. Arctic, 61 (3), 81-291.
Marinho, Y., Dos Santos, A., Dos Santos, L., Vasconcelos, R., Kalazans, N., Do Nascimento, R., Dantas, D., Galvez, A. (2009). Avaliação do crescimento da Chlorella vulgaris em diferentes pH Objetivando Sua Inserção Na Matéria prima Do Biodiesel. Jornada de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão - JEPEX. Universidade Federal Rural
de Pernambuco.
Massol-Deyá, A., Muñiz, R., Colón, M., Graulau, J. & Tang, N. S. (2005). Microbial Community Structure of Pentachlorophenol Contaminated Soils as Determined by Carbon Utilization Patterns. Caribb J. Sci., 41 (1), 138-146.
Medadro, H. & Flexas, J. (2003). Fundamentos de fisiologia vegetal. Fijación del dióxido de carbono y biosintesis de fotoasimilados. Primera Edición. España: McGraw-Hill. Interamericana.
Mendes, L. B. & Wagener, K. (2001). High Spirullina productivity under intensive light. Arch. hydrobiol., 140 (13), 151-160.
Mendes, R. L., Nobre, B. P., Cardoso, M. T., Pereira, A. P. & Palavra, A. F. (2003). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of compounds with pharmaceutical importance from microalgae. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 356 (1), 328-334.
Meng, X., Yang, J., Xu, X., Zang, L., Nie, Q. & Xian, M. (2009). Biodiesel production from oleaginous microorganisms. Renew. Energ., 34 (1), 1-5.
Moheimani, N. R. (2005). The cultura of Coccolithophorid algae for carbón dioxide bioremediation. Thesis for obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Murdoch University. Perth, Australia, 266pp.
Neff, M. M., Fankhauser, C. & Chory, J. (2000). Light: an indicator of time and place. Genes and Development., 14 (3), 257-271.
Piippo, M., Allahverdiyeva, Y., Paakkarinen, V., Suoranta, U.M., Battchikova, N. & Aro, E. M. (2006). Chloroplastmediated regulation of nuclear genes in Arabidopsis
thaliana in the absence of light stress. Physiol. Genomics, 25 (1), 142-152.
Rodolfi, L., Zittelli, G. C., Bassi, N., Padovani, G., Biondi, N., Bonini, G. & Tredici, M. R. (2009). Microalgae for oil: strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 102 (1), 100-112.
Rodríguez, M., Canales, E. & Borrás-Hidalgo, O. (2005). Molecular aspects of abiotic stress in plants. Biotecnología Aplicada, 22 (1), 1-10.
Rogenski, D. M. (2010). Otimização Do Meio De Cultura Para A Microalga PhaeodactylumTricornutum Para Produção De Lipídios. Tesis de Maestria. Facultad de Ciências Biológica.Universidade Federal do Paraná. Curitiba, Brasil, 114pp.
Rosemond, A. D., Mulholland, P. J. & Brawley, S. H. (2000). Seasonally shifting limitation of stream periphyton: response of algal populations and assemblage biomass and productivity to variation in light, nutrients, and herbivores. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 57 (1), 66-75.
Rosenberg, J. N., Oyler, G. A., Wilkinson, L. & Betenbaugh, M. J. (2008). A green light for engineered algae: redirecting metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 19 (5), 430-436.
Rutz, D. & Janssen, R. (2007). BioFuel Technology Handbook. Germany: WIP Renewable Energies. Sánchez, S; Martínez, E. & Espinola, F. (2006). Biomass production and biochemical variability of the marine microalgae Isochrysisgalbana in relation to culture medium. J. Biochem. Eng., 6 (1), 13-18.
Sánchez-Saavedra, M. P. & Voltolina, D. (2002). Effect of photon fluence rates of white and blue-green light on growth efficiency and pigment content of three diatoms species in batch cultures. Ciencias Marinas, 28 (3), 273- 279.
Schulze, E. D., Beck, E. & Müller-Hohenstein, K. (2005). Environment as Stress Factor: Stress Physiology of Plants. Plant. Ecol., 702 (9), 506.
Segré, D., Ben-Eli, D., Deamer, D. W. & Lancet, D. (2001).The Lipid World. Origins Life Evol. Biosphere., 31 (1-2), 119-145.
Sharkey, T. D. (2005). Effects of moderate heat stress on photosynthesis: importance of thylakoid reactions, rubisco deactivation, reactive oxygen species, and thermotolerance provided by isoprene. Plant Cell and Environ., 28 (3), 269-277.
Sharma L., Kumar-Singh A., Panda B. & Mallick N. (2006). Process optimization for poly-b-hydroxybutyrate production in a nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium, Nostocmuscorum using response surface methodology. Bioresource Technol., 98 (5), 987-993.
Souza, S. G. (2010). Essential fatty acids: importance of fish oils and aquaculture. Braz. J. Food Technol., 13 (3), 189-196.
Tadeo, F. R. (2003). Fundamentos de fisiología vegetal. Fisiología de las plantas y el estres. Primera Edición. Spain: McGraw-Hill. Interamericana.
Tokusoglu, Ö. & Ünal, M. (2003). Biomass nutrients profiles of three microalgae: Spirulinaplatensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis Galbana, Food Chem. Toxicol.,
68 (4), 1144-1148.
Trösch, W. & Trick, I. (2008). Sustainable bioprocess engineering for industry, urban infrastructure, and the environment. In Annual Report 2007-2008. Fraunhofer Institute ForInterfaciel Engineering and Biotechnology IGB.
Trösch, W., Mertsching, H. & Hirth, T. (2009). Material and Energetic Use of Microalgas Lipids. In Annual Report 2008-2009. Fraunhofer Institute for Interfaciel Engineering and Biotechnology IGB.
Villanueva, L. (2005). Ecophysiological and molecular characterization of estuarine microbial mats. Tesis doctoral. Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Barcelona. Barcelona, España. 155pp.
Wältermann, M. & Steinbüchel, A. (2007). Neutral Lipid Bodies in Prokaryotes: Recent Insights into Structure, Formation, and Relationship to Eukaryotic Lipid Depots. J. Bacteriol., 187 (11), 3607-3619.
Xua, H., Miaoa, X. & Wu, Q. (2006). High quality biodiesel production from a microalga Chlorella protothecoides by heterotrophic growth in fermenters. J. Biotechnol., 126 (4), 1-15.
Yeesang, C. & Cheirsilp, B. (2011). Effect of nitrogen, salt, and iron content in the growth medium and light intensity on lipid production by microalgae isolated from freshwater sources in Thailand. Bioresource Technol., 102 (3), 3034-3040.
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How to Cite
Pérez-Pazos, J.-V., & Fernández-Izquierdo, P. . (2011). Synthesis of neutral lipids in chlorella sp. under different light and carbonate conditions. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología Y Futuro, 4(4), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.228
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Published
2011-12-01
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Scientific and Technological Research Articles
