Environmental assessment of microalgae biodiesel production in Colombia: comparison of three oil extraction systems
Keywords:
Biodiesel, Life cycle, Microalgae, Biomass, Analysis, Process simulation
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare three cases of biodiesel production from microalgae dried biomass applying the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique by means of the "cradle to grave" concept, presenting preliminary results for environmental assessment of emerging technologies for microalgae biodiesel production in Colombia focused on oil extraction stage. The evaluated processes correspond to the following cases: case 1 hexane-based extraction (HE), case 2 methanol/chloroform (MCE) and case 3 ethanol/hexane (EHE). Operating conditions for each extraction method were adjusted with experimental work. Routes were simulated using the Aspen Plus® 7.1 software, taking as a feedstock a robust modeled composition of Chlorella sp. Environmental emissions associated with algae biodiesel production were quantified and evaluated through the Simapro 7.1 software. The outcomes confirm the potential of microalgae as a sink of greenhouses gases, but highlight the crucial necessity of decreasing energy consumption and some technical improvements in oil extraction step. Results related with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were compared with European sustainability criteria, in order to identify the reduction of the hypothetical microalgae biodiesel. Case 1 presents the most important reduction respect to fossil reference (156%). For the other two scenarios, reduction decreases because of higher energy consumption. Case 2 presents a reduction of approximately 99% and case 3 presents a reduction reaching 14%.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00135-9
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00200-0
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https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/102179
Bligh, E. J. & Dyer, W. J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 37(8), 911-917.
https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
Bo owitzka, M. A. & Borowitzka, L. J. (1988). Dunaliella. In: Borowitzka, M. A. & Borowitzka, L. J. Microalgal Biotechnol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 27-58.
Campos, A. J., Carmona, G. & López, F. D. (2010). Casos URE exitosos en Colombia: Reducción de los costos energéticos en sistemas de generación de vapor. Informe Técnico, Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME), Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología "Francisco José de Caldas" (COLCIENCIAS).
Cherubini, F. (2010). The biorefinery concept: Using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals. Energy Convers. Manage., 51(7), 1412-1421.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.01.015
Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol. Advanc., 25(3), 294-306.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April (2009) on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/ EC, 05/06/2009, Official J. Eur. Union.
Dorado, M. P., Ballesteros, E., Arnal, J. M., Gómez, J. & López, F. J. (2003). Exhaust emissions from a diesel engine fuelled with transesterified waste olive oil. Fuel, 82(11), 1311-1315.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00034-6
Ehimen, E. A., Sun, Z. F. & Carrington, C. G. (2010). Variables affecting the in situ transesterification of microalgae lipids. Fuel, 89(3), 677-684.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.011
Fajardo, A. R., Cerdán, L. E., Medina, A. R., Fernandez, F. G. A., Moreno P. A. G. & Grima E. M. (2007). Lipid extraction from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 109(2), 120-126.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200600216
Fowden, L. (1952). The Composition of the bulk proteins of Chlorella. Biochem. J., 50(3), 355-358.
https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0500355
Frischknecht, R., Jungbluth, N., Althaus, H., Doka, G., Heck, T., Hellweg, S., Hischier, R., Nemeck, T., Rebitzer, G., Spielmann, M. & Wernet, G. (2007). Overview and methodology. Dübendorf: Rolf and Niels.
Fuls, J., Hawkins, C. S. & Hugo, J. C. (1984). Tractor engine performance on sunflower oil fuel. J. Agri. Eng. Res., 30: 29-35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8634(84)80003-7
Gao, C. F., Zhai, Y., Ding, Y. & Wu, Q. Y. (2010). Application of sweet sorghum for biodiesel production by heterotrophic microalga Chlorella protothecoides. Appl. Energy, 87(3), 756-761.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.006
García, J., Miranda, J., González, A. D. & Kafarov, V. (2010). Comparison of microalgae oil extraction methods for biodiesel production. IV International Congress of Biofuels Science and Technology CIBSCOL, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
Goedkoop, M., De Schryver, A., Oele, M., Durksz, S. & Roest, D. (2007). Introduction to LCA with SimaPro 7.1. California: Pré Consultants.
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González-Delgado, A. & Kafarov, V. (2011). Microalgae based biorefinery: Issues to consider. CT&F - Ciencia Tecnología y Futuro, 4(4), 5-21.
https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.225
GuanHua, H., Feng, C., Dong, W., XueWu, Z. & Gu, C. (2010). Biodiesel production by microalgalbiotechnology. Appl. Energ., 87(1), 38-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.016
Halim, R., Gladman, B., Danquah, M. K. & Webley, P. A. (2011). Oil extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioresour. Technol., 102(1),178-185.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.136
Huntley, M. & Redalje, D. (2007). CO2 Mitigation and renewable oil from photosynthetic microbes: A new appraisal. Mitigat. Adapt. Strat. Global Change, 12(4), 573-608.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-7304-1
ISO 14025. (2006). Environmental labels and declarations. Type III environmental declarations. Principles and procedures. International Organization for Standarization, Switzerland.
ISO 14040. (2006). Environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework. First edition, International Organization for Standarization, Switzerland.
ISO 14044. (2006). Environmental management-life cycle assessment-requirements and guidelines, First edition, International Organization for Standarization, Switzerland.
Kadam, K. L. (2002). Environmental implications of power generation via coal-microalgae cofiring. Energy, 27(10), 905-922.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00025-7
Kay, R. A. (1991). Microalgae as food and supplement. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 30(6), 555-573.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399109527556
Khoo, H. H., Sharratt, P. N., Das, P., Balasubramanian, R. K., Naraharisetti, P. K. & Shaik, S. (2011). Life cycle energy and CO2 analysis of microalgae-to-biodiesel: Preliminary results and comparisons. Bioresour. Technol., 102(10), 5800-5807.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.055
Lang, X., Dalai, K., Bakhshi, N., Reaney, J. & Hertz, P. (2001). Preparation and characterization of bio-diesels from various bio-oils. Bioresour. Technol., 80(1), 53-62.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00051-7
Li, Y., Horsman, M., Wu, N., Lan, C. & Dubois-Calero, N. (2008). Biofuels from microalgae. Biotechnol. Prog., 24(4), 815-820.
https://doi.org/10.1021/bp070371k
Li, Y., Markley, B., Mohan, A. R., Rodriguez-Santiago, V., Thompson, D. & Niekerk, D. V. (2006). Utilization of carbon dioxide from coal-fired power plant for the production of value-added products. Design Engineering of Energy and Geo-Environmental Systems Course (EGEE 580). Internal document for a course. College of Earth and Mineral Science.
Lidell, J. M. (2001). U.S. Patent No. 6.180.376. Extraction of triglycerides from microorganisms. London.
Ma, F. R. & Hanna, M.A. (1999). Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour. Technol., 70(1), 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5
Marchetti, J. M. & Errazu, A. F. (2008). Esterification of free fatty acids using sulfuric acids catalyst in the presence of triglycerides. Biomass Bioenergy, 32(9), 892-895.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.01.001
Meher, L. C., Sagar, D. V. & Naik, S. N. (2006). Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review. Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 10(3), 248-268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2004.09.002
Miao, X. & Wu, Q. (2006). Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgaloil. Bioresour. Technol., 97(6), 841-846.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.008
Myint, L. L. & El-Halwagi, M. M. (2009). Process analysis and optimization of biodiesel production from soybean oil. J. Clean Tech. Environ. Policy, 11(3), 263-276.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-008-0156-5
Pardo, Y., Sánchez, E. & Kafarov, V. (2010). Life cycle assessment of third generation biofuels production. Chem. Eng. Transact., 21(1), 1177-1182.
Petkov, G. & García, G. (2007). ¿Which are fatty acids of the green alga Chlorella?. Biochem. Syst. Ecol, 35(5), 281-285.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2006.10.017
Phukan, M. M., Chutia, R. S., Konwar, B. K. & Kataki, R. (2011). Microalgae Chlorella as a potential bioenergy feedstock. Appl. Energ., 88(10), 3307-3312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.026
Pokoo-Aikins, G., Nadim, A., El-Halwagi, M. & Mahalec, V. (2009). Design and analysis of biodiesel production from algae grown through carbon sequestration. Clean. Techn. Environ. Policy, 12(3), 239-254.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-009-0215-6
Sánchez, E., Ojeda, K., El-Halwagi, M. & Kafarov, V. (2011). Biodiesel from microalgae oil production in two sequential esterification/transesterification rea.tors: Pinch analysis of heatintegration. Chem. Eng. J., 176- 177: 211-216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.07.001
Sander, K. & Murthy, G. (2010). Life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel. Int. J. Life Cycle Ass., 15(7), 704-714.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-010-0194-1
Stichnothe, H. & Schuchardt, F. (2010). Comparison of different treatment options for palm oil production waste on a life cycle basis. Int. J. Life Cycle Ass., 15(9), 907-915.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-010-0223-0
Tapasvi, D., Wiesenborn, D. & Gustafson, C. (2005). Process model for biodiesel production from various feedstocks. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 48(6), 2215-2221.
https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.20068
UNEP, (2003). Evaluation of environmental impacts in life cycle assessment. Paris: US-EPA.
Ververis, C., Georghiou, K., Danielidis, D., Hatzinikolaou, D. G., Santas, P., Santas, R. & Corleti, V. (2007). Cellulose-hemicellulose, lignin and ash content of some organic materials and their suitability for use as paper supplements. Bioresour. Technol., 98(2), 296-301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.01.007
Vicente, G., Martínez, M. & Aracil, J. (2004). Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems. Bioresour. Technol., 92(3), 297-305.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.08.014
Zhang, Y, Dubé, M. A, McLean, D. D. & Kates, M. (2003). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis. Bioresour. Technol., 90(3), 229-240.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00150-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00135-9
Antolín, G., Tinaut, F. V., Briceño, Y., Castaño, V., Pérez, C. & Ramírez A. I. (2002). Optimisation of biodiesel production by sunflower oil transesterification. Biores. Technol., 83(2), 111-114.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00200-0
Baliga, R. & Powers, S. (2010). Sustainable algae biodiesel production in cold climates. Int. J. Chem. Eng., 2010: 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/102179
Bligh, E. J. & Dyer, W. J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 37(8), 911-917.
https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
Bo owitzka, M. A. & Borowitzka, L. J. (1988). Dunaliella. In: Borowitzka, M. A. & Borowitzka, L. J. Microalgal Biotechnol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 27-58.
Campos, A. J., Carmona, G. & López, F. D. (2010). Casos URE exitosos en Colombia: Reducción de los costos energéticos en sistemas de generación de vapor. Informe Técnico, Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME), Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología "Francisco José de Caldas" (COLCIENCIAS).
Cherubini, F. (2010). The biorefinery concept: Using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals. Energy Convers. Manage., 51(7), 1412-1421.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.01.015
Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol. Advanc., 25(3), 294-306.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April (2009) on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/ EC, 05/06/2009, Official J. Eur. Union.
Dorado, M. P., Ballesteros, E., Arnal, J. M., Gómez, J. & López, F. J. (2003). Exhaust emissions from a diesel engine fuelled with transesterified waste olive oil. Fuel, 82(11), 1311-1315.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00034-6
Ehimen, E. A., Sun, Z. F. & Carrington, C. G. (2010). Variables affecting the in situ transesterification of microalgae lipids. Fuel, 89(3), 677-684.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.011
Fajardo, A. R., Cerdán, L. E., Medina, A. R., Fernandez, F. G. A., Moreno P. A. G. & Grima E. M. (2007). Lipid extraction from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 109(2), 120-126.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200600216
Fowden, L. (1952). The Composition of the bulk proteins of Chlorella. Biochem. J., 50(3), 355-358.
https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0500355
Frischknecht, R., Jungbluth, N., Althaus, H., Doka, G., Heck, T., Hellweg, S., Hischier, R., Nemeck, T., Rebitzer, G., Spielmann, M. & Wernet, G. (2007). Overview and methodology. Dübendorf: Rolf and Niels.
Fuls, J., Hawkins, C. S. & Hugo, J. C. (1984). Tractor engine performance on sunflower oil fuel. J. Agri. Eng. Res., 30: 29-35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8634(84)80003-7
Gao, C. F., Zhai, Y., Ding, Y. & Wu, Q. Y. (2010). Application of sweet sorghum for biodiesel production by heterotrophic microalga Chlorella protothecoides. Appl. Energy, 87(3), 756-761.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.006
García, J., Miranda, J., González, A. D. & Kafarov, V. (2010). Comparison of microalgae oil extraction methods for biodiesel production. IV International Congress of Biofuels Science and Technology CIBSCOL, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
Goedkoop, M., De Schryver, A., Oele, M., Durksz, S. & Roest, D. (2007). Introduction to LCA with SimaPro 7.1. California: Pré Consultants.
González, A. D., Kafarov, V. & Guzmán, A. (2010). Comparison of microalgae oil extraction methods for third gene- ration biofuel production. 19th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering CHISA, Prague, Czech Republic.
González-Delgado, A. & Kafarov, V. (2011). Microalgae based biorefinery: Issues to consider. CT&F - Ciencia Tecnología y Futuro, 4(4), 5-21.
https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.225
GuanHua, H., Feng, C., Dong, W., XueWu, Z. & Gu, C. (2010). Biodiesel production by microalgalbiotechnology. Appl. Energ., 87(1), 38-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.016
Halim, R., Gladman, B., Danquah, M. K. & Webley, P. A. (2011). Oil extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioresour. Technol., 102(1),178-185.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.136
Huntley, M. & Redalje, D. (2007). CO2 Mitigation and renewable oil from photosynthetic microbes: A new appraisal. Mitigat. Adapt. Strat. Global Change, 12(4), 573-608.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-7304-1
ISO 14025. (2006). Environmental labels and declarations. Type III environmental declarations. Principles and procedures. International Organization for Standarization, Switzerland.
ISO 14040. (2006). Environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework. First edition, International Organization for Standarization, Switzerland.
ISO 14044. (2006). Environmental management-life cycle assessment-requirements and guidelines, First edition, International Organization for Standarization, Switzerland.
Kadam, K. L. (2002). Environmental implications of power generation via coal-microalgae cofiring. Energy, 27(10), 905-922.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00025-7
Kay, R. A. (1991). Microalgae as food and supplement. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 30(6), 555-573.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399109527556
Khoo, H. H., Sharratt, P. N., Das, P., Balasubramanian, R. K., Naraharisetti, P. K. & Shaik, S. (2011). Life cycle energy and CO2 analysis of microalgae-to-biodiesel: Preliminary results and comparisons. Bioresour. Technol., 102(10), 5800-5807.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.055
Lang, X., Dalai, K., Bakhshi, N., Reaney, J. & Hertz, P. (2001). Preparation and characterization of bio-diesels from various bio-oils. Bioresour. Technol., 80(1), 53-62.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00051-7
Li, Y., Horsman, M., Wu, N., Lan, C. & Dubois-Calero, N. (2008). Biofuels from microalgae. Biotechnol. Prog., 24(4), 815-820.
https://doi.org/10.1021/bp070371k
Li, Y., Markley, B., Mohan, A. R., Rodriguez-Santiago, V., Thompson, D. & Niekerk, D. V. (2006). Utilization of carbon dioxide from coal-fired power plant for the production of value-added products. Design Engineering of Energy and Geo-Environmental Systems Course (EGEE 580). Internal document for a course. College of Earth and Mineral Science.
Lidell, J. M. (2001). U.S. Patent No. 6.180.376. Extraction of triglycerides from microorganisms. London.
Ma, F. R. & Hanna, M.A. (1999). Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour. Technol., 70(1), 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5
Marchetti, J. M. & Errazu, A. F. (2008). Esterification of free fatty acids using sulfuric acids catalyst in the presence of triglycerides. Biomass Bioenergy, 32(9), 892-895.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.01.001
Meher, L. C., Sagar, D. V. & Naik, S. N. (2006). Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review. Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 10(3), 248-268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2004.09.002
Miao, X. & Wu, Q. (2006). Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgaloil. Bioresour. Technol., 97(6), 841-846.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.008
Myint, L. L. & El-Halwagi, M. M. (2009). Process analysis and optimization of biodiesel production from soybean oil. J. Clean Tech. Environ. Policy, 11(3), 263-276.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-008-0156-5
Pardo, Y., Sánchez, E. & Kafarov, V. (2010). Life cycle assessment of third generation biofuels production. Chem. Eng. Transact., 21(1), 1177-1182.
Petkov, G. & García, G. (2007). ¿Which are fatty acids of the green alga Chlorella?. Biochem. Syst. Ecol, 35(5), 281-285.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2006.10.017
Phukan, M. M., Chutia, R. S., Konwar, B. K. & Kataki, R. (2011). Microalgae Chlorella as a potential bioenergy feedstock. Appl. Energ., 88(10), 3307-3312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.026
Pokoo-Aikins, G., Nadim, A., El-Halwagi, M. & Mahalec, V. (2009). Design and analysis of biodiesel production from algae grown through carbon sequestration. Clean. Techn. Environ. Policy, 12(3), 239-254.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-009-0215-6
Sánchez, E., Ojeda, K., El-Halwagi, M. & Kafarov, V. (2011). Biodiesel from microalgae oil production in two sequential esterification/transesterification rea.tors: Pinch analysis of heatintegration. Chem. Eng. J., 176- 177: 211-216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.07.001
Sander, K. & Murthy, G. (2010). Life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel. Int. J. Life Cycle Ass., 15(7), 704-714.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-010-0194-1
Stichnothe, H. & Schuchardt, F. (2010). Comparison of different treatment options for palm oil production waste on a life cycle basis. Int. J. Life Cycle Ass., 15(9), 907-915.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-010-0223-0
Tapasvi, D., Wiesenborn, D. & Gustafson, C. (2005). Process model for biodiesel production from various feedstocks. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 48(6), 2215-2221.
https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.20068
UNEP, (2003). Evaluation of environmental impacts in life cycle assessment. Paris: US-EPA.
Ververis, C., Georghiou, K., Danielidis, D., Hatzinikolaou, D. G., Santas, P., Santas, R. & Corleti, V. (2007). Cellulose-hemicellulose, lignin and ash content of some organic materials and their suitability for use as paper supplements. Bioresour. Technol., 98(2), 296-301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.01.007
Vicente, G., Martínez, M. & Aracil, J. (2004). Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems. Bioresour. Technol., 92(3), 297-305.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.08.014
Zhang, Y, Dubé, M. A, McLean, D. D. & Kates, M. (2003). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis. Bioresour. Technol., 90(3), 229-240.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00150-0
How to Cite
Pardo Cárdenas, Y., Herrera Orozco, I., González Delgado, Ángel D., & Kafarov, V. (2013). Environmental assessment of microalgae biodiesel production in Colombia: comparison of three oil extraction systems. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología Y Futuro, 5(2), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.59
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Published
2013-06-15
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Scientific and Technological Research Articles
